La myopathie à agrégats tubulaires et le syndrome de Stormorken

Abstract

Le calcium est un régulateur essentiel pour un grand nombre de fonctions cellulaires, et une perturbation de l’homéostasie calcique peut sévèrement troubler la physiologie de différents tissus. CASQ1, STIM1, et ORAI1 codent pour des facteurs clés contrôlant les flux de calcium, et des mutations de ces gènes sont à l’origine de la myopathie à agrégats tubulaires et du syndrome de Stormorken. Ces deux maladies forment un continuum clinique regroupant faiblesse musculaire, myosis, thrombopénie, hyposplénisme, ichthyose, dyslexie et petite taille.

Calcium (Ca2+) is an essential regulator for a large number of cellular functions in various tissues and organs, and small disturbances of Ca2+ homeostasis can severely compromise normal physiology. Intracellular Ca2+ balance is mainly controlled by the reticular Ca2+ sensor STIM1 and the plasma membrane Ca2+ channel ORAI1 through a mechanism known as store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). Gain-of-function mutations in STIM1 or ORAI1 cause excessive extracellular Ca2+ influx, resulting in tubular aggregate myopathy (TAM) and Stormorken syndrome (STRMK). Both disorders are spectra of the same disease and involve muscle weakness, miosis, thrombocytopenia, hyposplenism, ichthyosis, dyslexia, and short stature. Here we summarize the clinical and histological characteristics of both disorders, provide an overview on the genetic causes, and recapitulate the current knowledge on the pathomechanisms leading to the multi-systemic phenotype of tubular aggregate myopathy and Stormorken syndrome.